Alopecia areata: revisión de la literatura
Palabras clave:
Alopecia areata, pérdida de cabello, alopecia no cicatricial, reversible, folículo pilosoResumen
La alopecia areata (AA) es un tipo de alopecia no cicatricial, caracterizada por una pérdida del cabello transitoria y reversible, mediada inmunológicamente, con preservación del folículo piloso, que causa un impacto psicosocial importante. En cuanto a su mecanismo fisiopatológico ocurre una disrupción del inmunoprivilegio del folículo piloso, con posterior alteración del ciclo del mismo. La lesión principal de la AA es una placa redonda u ovalada, bien delimitada, calva, lisa, brillante, de consistencia blanda, siendo su principal localización el cuero cabelludo. Con el dermatoscopio se hacen más evidentes los pelos cortos, con el extremo proximal más delgado que el distal (signo de exclamación), así como los característicos puntos amarillos y negros. Es recomendable realizar medidas terapéuticas precoces para evitar su progresión a pesar de que el 80% puedan tener una regresión espontánea en casos de baja severidad. En este artículo hacemos una revisión con el fin de actualizar la fisiopatología, clínica, métodos diagnósticos y nuevas medidas terapéuticas de la alopecia areata.
Alopecia areata: review of the literature.
Summary.
Alopecia areata (AA) is a type of noncicatricial alopecia, characterized by an immune mediated, reversible and transitory hair loss, with preservation of the hairy follicle that causes an important psychological impact. Its pathophysiological mechanism consists in a disruption of the immunoprivilege of the hair follicle, with subsequent alteration of its cycle. The main lesion of AA is a well-defined round or oval plaque, bald, smooth and bright, with soft consistency. Its primary location is the scalp. With the dermatoscope the short hairs become more evident, with the proximal end thinner than the distal one (exclamation mark), as well as the characteristic yellow and black dots. It is advisable to perform early therapeutic measures to prevent progression despite the fact that 80% may have a spontaneous regression in cases of low severity. In this article we review and update to update the pathophysiology, clinical manifestation, diagnostic methods and new therapeutic measures of alopecia areata. Key words: alopecia areata, hair loss, non cicatricial alopecia, reversible, hairy follicle.
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